Renal function is associated with plasma trimethylamine N oxide, choline, l carnitine and betaine: a pilot study International Urology and Nephrology Springer Nature Link A study found a two to three fold increase in levels of TMAO in people who ate a high red meat diet. What does it mean for you? L Carnitine Benefits: A Complete Research Based Guide Assembling the anaerobic gamma butyrobetaine to TMA metabolic pathway in Escherichia fergusonii and confirming its role in TMA production from dietary L carnitine in murine models mBio What Is Carnitine? TMAO? What's Their Link To Red Meat? Pritikin