VAP #HAP #pneumonia The diagnosis of VAP is difficult as clinical signs suggestive of pneumonia, such as fever, tachycardia, and leukocytosis, are nonspecific in critically ill patients. Moreover, particularly in Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) EMCrit Project Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guideline for the Prevention of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Annals of Internal Medicine Prediction of clinical severity and outcome of ventilator associated pneumonia in a tertiary hospital using the VAP PIRO scoring system European Respiratory Society Achieving Sustained Improvement in Reducing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia